Explore the etymology, semantic nuances, and cultural relevance of the phrase 'hoi polloi,' tracing its origins from ancient Greek to contemporary usage.
The phrase “hoi polloi” refers to the general populace or the masses. It is often used to denote the common people in contrast to the elite or upper classes. The expression carries a connotation of ordinariness or lack of distinction among those it describes.
The term “hoi polloi” originates from the Greek phrase οἱ πολλοί, which directly translates to “the many” or “the majority.” Its usage in English can be traced back to the 17th century, notably appearing in John Dryden’s Essay of Dramatick Poesie (1668). Dryden employed the term to refer to the general public, suggesting a dismissive attitude towards their opinions: “If by the people, you understand the multitude, the hoi polloi, ’tis no matter what they think; . . . their judgment is a mere lottery.”
The semantic scope of “hoi polloi” encompasses notions of commonality and ordinariness. While it primarily refers to the general public, the phrase can imply a sense of condescension or elitism when used to contrast with the upper echelons of society. Its usage often reflects the speaker’s perspective on social hierarchy and class distinctions.
In contemporary culture, “hoi polloi” is frequently employed in both literary and conversational contexts to denote the broader public. It appears in various forms of media, from novels to films, often carrying a slightly pejorative undertone. For example, in Evelyn Waugh’s Decline and Fall, the term is used to critique societal norms and class structures.
The phrase “hoi polloi” may take on different connotations depending on the context. In a professional setting, it might be used to discuss market trends or consumer behavior. In literary discourse, it often serves as a critique of societal norms or class distinctions. Historically, its usage has evolved from a neutral descriptor to a term with potential elitist implications.
The phrase “hoi polloi” remains relevant in discussions of social class and public opinion. Its continued use in both academic and popular discourse suggests a durability rating of ★★★★☆, reflecting its entrenched position in the English lexicon and its adaptability to various contexts.
“If by the people, you understand the multitude, the hoi polloi, ’tis no matter what they think; . . . their judgment is a mere lottery.” - John Dryden, Essay of Dramatick Poesie (1668)
“The hoi polloi were not invited to the exclusive event, which was reserved for the city’s elite.” - Evelyn Waugh, Decline and Fall